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BehaviorResearchMethods&Instrumentation1979,Vol.
11(5),475484METHODS&DESIGNSBigramandtrigramfrequenciesandversatilitiesintheEnglishlanguageROBERTL.
SOLSOandPAULF.
BARBUTO,JR.
UniversityofIdaho,Moscow,Idaho83843andCONNIEL.
JUELUniversityofTexas,Austin,Texas78712AcomprehensivecountofbigramandtrigramfrequenciesandversatilitieswastabulatedforwordsrecordedbyKuceraandFrancis.
Totalsof577differentbigramsand6,140differenttrigramswerefound.
Theirfrequenciesofoccurrenceandthenumberofdifferentwordsinwhichtheyappearedarereportedinthisarticle.
Inrecentyearstheorthographiccomponentsinvolvedinletterandwordidentificationhavereceivedconsider-ableattention.
AnimportantcomponentinsomestudieshasbeenthepositionalfrequencyoflettersintheEnglishlanguage(e.
g.
,Mason,1975);otherstudieshavefoundthatversatility(thenumberofdifferentwordsinwhichlettersorlettercombinationsoccur)hasaffectedwordprocessing(e.
g.
,Solso,Topper,&Macey,1973).
Thecurrentresearchinletter/wordprocessinghasrequiredmorecomprehensiveandcontemporarymeasuresofthestatisticalpropertiesoftheEnglishlanguage.
Inthepast,severalresearchershavecountedsingle-letterfrequencies(Lysing,1936;Underwood&Schulz,1960),bigrams(Underwood&Schulz,1960;Maymer&Tresselt,1965;Topper,Macey,&Solso,1973),andtrigrams(Underwood&Schulz,1960).
Thesecounts,however,havebeenbasedonarelativelysmallsamplesizeanddonebyhand.
Recently,SolsoandKing(I976)tabulatedsingle-letterfrequenciesandversatilitiesbasedontheKuceraandFrancis(1967)norms,whichcontainaboutonemillionwordsintheEnglishlanguage.
Thepositionalfrequenciesandversatilitieshavealsobeenrecentlytabulatedforfour-andfive-letterwords(Solso&King,1976)andforsix-,seven-,andeight-letterwords(Solso,1979)basedontheKuceraandFrancisnorms.
Inthepresentpaperacomprehensivecountofbigramandtrigramfrequenciesandversatilitiesisreported.
Itisanticipatedthatthesedatawillbeofinteresttothoseinvestigatorsinterestedinvisualinformationprocessing,readingskills,memorysearch,verballearning,cognitivemodels,andrelatedareas.
PaulF.
Barbuto,Jr.
,iscurrentlyatTexasInstruments,Dallas,Texas75260.
METHODAllbigramandtrigramfrequencyandversatilitycountswerebasedontheKuceraandFrancis(967)tabulationofaboutonemillionwordsintheEnglishlanguage.
TheKuceraandFranciswordsarestoredonmagnetictape,andthebigramandtrigramcountsreportedinthispaperwereprocessedbymeansofanIBM370/145computer.
Approximately40,000differentwordswithaboutatotalfrequencyofonemillionoccurrenceswereused.
Inthepresentanalysis,allhyphenatedwords,wordscontainingapostrophes,andnumberswereexcluded.
Theprocedureforcountingtotalbigramsandtrigramswasasfollows:Theword"root"hasafrequencyof30/million.
ThefrequencyofthebigramsRO,00,andOTwereallincreasedby30.
Incounting,trigramsROOandOOTwerealsoincreasedby30.
Fortheversatilitycount,theabovebigramsandtrigramswereincreasedbyone.
Theword"cocoon"hasafrequencyof3/million.
InthiscasethefrequencyofbigramCOwasincreasedbysix,asitappearstwiceintheword,buttheversatilitycountwasincreasedbyonlyone.
Theotherbigramandtrigramfrequencieswereincrementedbythreeandversatilitiesbyone.
Theword"ringing"hasafrequencyof10/million.
InthiscasethefrequencyofthebigrarnsINandNGandthetrigramINGwereincrementedby20,andtheversatilitiesincrementedbyl.
Theotherbigramandtrigramfrequencieswereincrementedby10andversatilitiesby1.
Atotalof577bigrams(outofapossible676)werefoundinthesample.
Thetotalbigramfrequencyasdeterminedbysummingallbigramfrequencieswas3,616,085.
Thetotalbigramversatilityasdeterminedbysummingallbigramversatilitywas270,337.
However,becausethesedatarepresentrepeatedbigramcountsinwords,amorepracticaluseofthedatamaybetousethefrequencyandversatilitycountsinrelationtothetotalwordsandtotaldifferentwordsintheKuceraandFrancis(1967)count.
ThusthebigramEXappeared6,847timesinaboutonemillionwordsandappearedin556differentwordsoutofabout40,000words.
Atotalof6,140trigrams(outofapossible17,574)werefoundinthesample.
Thetotaltrigramfrequencyasdeterminedbysummingalltrigramfrequencieswas2,662,964.
Thetotaltrigramversatilitieswas233,420.
Aswithbigraminterpretation,itmaybemoreusefultousethebaseofatotalofonemillionwordsand40,000differentwords.
Thus,thetrigramHROappeared1,490timesinaboutonemillionwordsandappearedin91differentwordsoutof40,000words.
TheresultsoftotalfrequencyandversatilitycountsforbigramsandtrigramsareshowninTablesIand2.
Copyright1979PsychonomicSociety,Inc.
4750005-7878/79/050475-10$01.
25/0476SOLSO,BARBUTO,ANDJUELTable1DigramFrequencyandVersatilityFvFVFVFVFVFVFVAA4616DM59977HB2DO33LC30383ON592"34221SQ38385WH14665181AB1938913IN22964HC909LO10931362UU9819775SR12238WI14814451AC16J171350007135590HOb312LE3080132.
.
6CP1929703SS140141429WK5711AD15919911OP2410HE1219511720LF1991970'14013ST403103255Wl51713AE314910'1613HF1925LG20555OR453'tl,b06SU10381796WM4914AF2580220DR358533'.
HG111LH1124OS10332811SV412"WN33B5159AG1393152DS4451425HH3912II225102627or15593806SW1144162WO8620292AH"33120DT6925HI31931106"LK103.
.
lG5au351951533SY1128209liP538Al1"-881840DU4441341HJ11II226851803OV69lZ"91SZ185"R1231101AJ35323DV60164HK96LM1102134ow12981619TAId5251148WS11"2116AK4208341ow29374Hl515101IN19552OX"9285T811234WT19511AL364522994OY2214156HM41291La139091405OY1443149TC1521210WU7115AM10303928DZ33HN91110LP802830111945TD5813WW32AN712913522EA264661590HO19197ID84LQ43PA109631034TE419183925WY10524AU18131EBB16199HP248LR42221PII1110TF30"11Wl11AP6610190EC155581169HQ182LS4669476PC91TG6814XA85669AQ5923ED456414451HR3150249LT3858316PO86TH1330911293XB22AR385472942EE15041185HS45182LU46Cl596PE169121509Tl422464284XC89614AS344281419EF5469405HT5121291LV1120106PF6115TJ11XE63090AT521403633EG4003'oIlHU2899305lW5212_8PG168TK159XF192AU4014515EH892129HV93LYI11d31686PH29155111Tl4272418XH13121AV1131412El6121389HW19846LZ1711PI4894141TM101895XI1022118AW2462241EJ14432hY1651238MA200651679PJ41TN30465XL205AX13192EK86880HZ122MB3422319PK3210TO404651344XM11AY9427432EL192101923LA84631161MC2616PL9314692TPd821XN32AZ605130EM13012946IB3117394MD158PM61524TR142581579XO101218A6003741EN506853626lC235242193ME291841121PN2213TS116211080XP2395166llB545174EU2310230ID11884808MF15222PO11965996TT1119139XO13BC188EP6058584IE129361443MG111PP5130483TU8369691XK61BJ4115EO1638105IF108"463MH117PR151031199TV55X531BE22104961ER738185655IG9729149MI113901289PS1943298Til266188XT1451IIIBF11ES441114480IH3314MK63PT3018345TY1102620XU128178G92ET151181405II5111ML17442PU35d430DTZ14655xv11BH95EU790ISSIJ3516MM3260311PV11UA4304384XW133BI3105551(V9560SCIlK2137130MN35453PW411UB3168365XX428J62329EW4891280IL161061488MO12620940PY33911UC6129420XY6418aK21EX08475561MlZl61865MP1674824QL111UD3216354YA6421"4BL86811023EY6051329IN871131>604MR140411liN42UE4803442YtI348368M12215EZ1115910251402210MS3'+41218QU4S05534UF665113YC31696BN169FA6114431>IP31%475MT4311QV11UG5342295yo152538U1944724FB134I~43456MU4593349QW21UH4628YE4101215BP96FC33IR11564168MV41RA227602930UI3151409YF2914BR4041583FU33IS408252548MW244kB952225UJ2511YG7316as1311211FE8426571IT401402066MY218399RC.
:1159381UK7933YH50168T49339FFSIB3413IU400IIINA108921423RD6835615UL124341011YI1263152au8025552FG64IV9159182Ntl16072RE655514133UM4545628YJ228V2149FH44Iw238NC138011209RF1099129UN151891611Yj(3912aw104FI10041744IX66851ND483181558RG3320356UO39b71YL496119BY510011FJ21IY15NE2b6402259RH68214UP5248350YM853140CA184981615FK51IZ2288415NF1932301RI243b228"1UO85YN416136CB61FL2348385JA916130NG312113871RJb4UR182081361YO5859106CC2359232FM87J831NH366106RK3461239US164621402YP681102CD143FN146JO101NI123051493RL3561289UT16289830YK37't90CE222381461FO18199556JE1550155NJ31451RM5654542UU331YS3290254CF81FR1150350JIUS33NK2223263kN5982481UV8832YT18169CH211661561fS12139JO20B215DNL2675124RU263152123UW22YU4919Cl8688910FT304b141JR141NM81517RP1525240UX16443YV1"CK599f861FU3559398JU2411173NN3318443RQ3315UY21318YW2352bCL532525FW192KA691192NO16622823RR40151>02UZ11331YY31CM244FY28682KB4011NP20670RS151591550VA4183520Yl51>15CN341GA5590655KC64NQ18146RT1241+0101t0VC11ZA112171CO271862345GS2913KD2610NR34581RU44941>51VO52Z812CP21GD3110KE10108816NSIb6081901RV2191215VE291581139ZE1950403CO14323GE133551114KF10911NT344122132Rio42861VI8188821ZF11CR5184689GF5612KG153NU2763214RX112VK11ZG61C5685ioeGG1104225KH15642NV1602210kY8"0256bVL55IHI>5CT139121004GH9180431KI3885485N"21356RZ3011VN1111471149-,~4601569GI53585S1Kj-113NX989SA8635166VO2350290ZK11411GK42KK199NY41391515831061>VP21lL10637CY1162151Gl2h9413Kl53513bNZ10244SC5181809VR2191M33CZ159GM25250KM6128OA2148343SO26230V53114zo20163DA-.
5658554GN2178231KN22611OB3411335S[3116811198VT11lR430810139GO5411353KO353139OC5381634SF52153VU8221ZS21DC1419GP98KP291100661C540SG6022VV22ZT11OD1138211bR1301111KR10043OE1551163SH13002lld9VY19118zu2914DE268182311GS1931304KS17D92't1OF3934420651193411639Vl11ZV82OF6922GT64546KT5215OG2943453SJ32WAId4155\/3ZW54DG1094138GU2756350KU8035OH8431"SK1819234WB6426lY10122OH15140GV11KV1101n02345Sl25)6411WC221113381801159601182GW1611KW9433OJ22219SM2"84423WD19532OJ21135GY55999KY31996OK2931220SN495"140WE13559501OK165Gl41lA118111911OL121631381SU140"5861WF4614DL1509219HA366241244L822711OM201581159SP6138750WG32Table2TrigramFrequencyandVersatilityFVVVVFVFVFVAAA11AU11AKN522APB22ATW4"AYW106IIIG"1416AAB11AFA219AKO1811APD44ATY418ALA512081J11AAC164AFE19424AKR33APE81198All145AZE13340BIK11AAJ11AFF6bdnAKS6618APF21AUA11AZI17330Bil1209146AAE11AFG42AKT93APG21AUB118AZl2181M44AAF11AFtl11AKU95APtl432118AUC9133A10301181N51291AAH11AF(108AK-"94API3050AUD21141>AZU32BIO81Z3AAK31AFK51AKY141APK52AUE151AZw1181P42MM41AFL155ALA572114APL4020AUF111AZY50481021AAR153AFM11ALB7~18APM61AUG56554A1115420BIR2"838AAS11UO128ALC15339APN32AUH11IIAB4552581S8523AA~11UR15112ALD12541APO25056AUI11BAC130819Bll61t285ABA15144AF511ALE13431N26458AlR32810ARC829126AUY32BAP4411BlO50569A8S34955AGO56664AlS2099143ARO3579348AUX30B8AR126131BLU266"9A8U10325AGr65AlTlilB3114APE7663dOAUlI1BAS91763BlY"1ABY85134GR45942AlU~8535ARra516AVA48151BAT46386RlYB41102ACA21537AGS3611AlV11230A;5dlJ~780158CHit104CCU4361115oalq4OIR80337i)UA51t628Eel1599998US70359CHI2509250COY56944OBl31DISJ036491DUBzz8ECK"2183BUT494210CHI512EDO20"32BYl13CIM4810CTM224DEA140112DME4310OVE15128EOPI1CAil181"6CIN626120CTN12DEB14528DMI41238DVI16118EDR9319CAC3814CIO35911CHI106598DEC101411401402513OVO306EDS36129CAO29150CIP63351CTR45158OED2566246DMU21OWA12120EDl62CAE93CIR31436CTS98451OEE46\31DNA1110OwE6216EDU88153CAF538els66619CTU106719OU68983ONE11246DWH11EDVl2CAG1169CIT1204lil9CTw11DEG16916ONI294OWl1021EDW668CAH22CIU2510ClY21OEH66DNU61DWO21t13EDY21712CAl1811CIV21314CUA104DEI141OOA114D~R51EDl11CAK183Cll339CU812211OEJII5DOB65OWY31EEA185CAL"601482eXA10623CUD86DEI'11OOC30131OYA65fE826bCAM126461eKB2513CUE458DEl844133DOD2"8OYB93EEC13318CAN3655162CKO16CUf86OE~18193DOE49410DYE9"HD1880108CAO22CKE1048221CUI409DEN3334212OOf22DY.
,22HE"3CAP81498CKF85CUl1456165DEO6114DOG19122DYI811EEf5913CAR1986221CKG742CUM27653DEP99')89DOHI1OYK104HG252CAS1108104CKH39IICUN22601012680011198on18"EEH95CAT251t4303CXI30981CUD117DEP5341519LlOl29843DYM43EEl11310CALI136530CKJ21CLIP22121DES2392264OOM60466"YN6119EEK16737CAY8131CKl25366CUR1188134OET18214DON69110DYS3"9Eel80251478SOLSO,BARBUTO,ANDJUELTable2(Continued)vFvFVFVFVFVFVCAW22CKII3214CUS626b8DEU168DUO45929DYT141EEII104130CAY281CKN11620CUT53557DEV106358DOP9411OYW82EEN418886C8E61CKO4811CUU233DEW6113DOR20957OLE11EEP90972CCA21227CKP258CWH11DEX9110DOS5620Oll11EER5H86CCE80957lKR85CYA54DEY21DOT5715OLY11EES52463eeH103eKS448103eye6820OEZ143OOU41437EAB8032EEl136"60eel7215eKT30"eYG11OFA175OOV146EAe219371EEV236lel3310CKU194eYI11OFI53DOW140371EAO3136171EEW155eco639bOCKV11en37"OFl31OOX521EAF1923EEX22eeR257eKW4915eYN226OFO104OOY41EAG21223EEL8117eeu55152eKY8121CYO11OFR11DOL136EAH294EfA2711COO143elAIH2143eyp82OFU338OPA53EAK71>795EFe11CEA14e35CLE1553134CYR14OGA43OPE11EAl2004139EFO33eEB31ell42483CYS31OGE928103OPO175EAH51878EFE73276eEC73eLO95295eYT107DGH21OPR11EAN1499103EFF105357CEO1513129ell!
103065eLA64OGI4010O'lU673EAP24B31EFI44157eEe21321elY325eLE62DGK31ORA63690EAQ32Hl2"120CEF·7112CIIA11eLY11OGl43ORE120982EAR6423277EFO133236eEG11CliO11DAB8121DGH936LlRI69877EAS3778196EFR10426eEn22CIII11DAe3011OGR43ORO48879EATl664229EFS336eEl~b933CNE112DAD26/,OGU63DRS51EAU35041EFT51216eEL51389WI235DAE62OGW42DRU22237EAV68046EFU55869CEil21331COA36353OAF11OGY32DRY13416EAW141EFY114cE~l2215184e063613DAG3716DHA229DSA21EAL32EGA106490CEO33cae12141OAH74OHE5217Dse305E6A1::1625EGB82CEP8831>8COD93II>OAI111>21OHI11>4OSE2IE88II8EGE50551EGF43EMC22ERJ53EVU112FAL22FOH53GOO315EGG9826EIID11ERK9523EVV11F6A112FOI265GEA12012EGH43EME3066227ERl524109EVY124F8E11FOl789"6GEB74EGI89366EMI663150ERM1544190[VL11F6011FON3214GEe31EGl5911EIIK41ERN2716194EWA18946FeA11FOO43844GEO1017IHEGII234EIIl176ERO584132EW822.
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3213EIIR218fEll838FRY32GET1596"5EH'~33ENE2688313esc615111EWS3B730FEN4271t8FSA1IGEU'01tHI,11ENF7320ESO964EWT196FER1933185FSE102GEV43EHlJ14126ENG123082ESE3351128EWU]1FES"0'01t8FSH31GEW95tHR102ENH9123ESF2IEWY21FET11123FSKIt2GEY189EHU55ENI963112ESG11EXA81354FEU2010FSO1IGFE32EHY33ENJ17912ESH24551EXB1,1FEV285FSP7IOFI31EIAI>6EIiK25I!
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9812EPl34040EUC32Ell97FIX14315GAG165ZItGIG217ELO96494EPM52EUO3312fAB9321FIl32GAl142728Gil1IELE2116219EPN21EUE33FA~205671FJO21GAK1IGIL1128Elf136625EPO57647EUG42ItFA296FKA51GAL29390GIM6011ElG405EPP8113EUI22FAE22fLA411100GAM24331GIN1789199HH102EPR46113EUK3IFAF41HE57581GAN1111105GIO50830Ell2087252EPS19121EUl33FAG62FLI23250GAP315GIP11ELK225EPT13729BEUM6215fAH63FLN11GAR685102GIR3801~ELL3256385EPlI23930EUN2710FAI73049FLO51886GAS19339GIS35265ELII9328EPW42EUP2411FAK133FLU39155GAT785136GIT6828ELN11EPY63fUR34558FAl39145FLY16012GAU5320GIU106ElO1237e5EIlN42EUS4618FAM62620FilA65GAV3066GIV106220ElP59623fOU11>31101EUT13428FAN18839FillIIGAW'03Gil2513ElR64ERA4215314EUV298fA~11FMOI1GAY377GKI31ELS781100ER619270EUX128FAR86148FNA11GAL10611GKO11Ell65944EReB57126EVA31'085FAS33533FNE12'0G6A33GLA5615"ElU7329ERO20335Eve11FAT41035FNI11G8E32GlE58698ELV'06221ERE12575418EVE1521221fAU7819fDA801G80156Gll1,0566ELY2389217ERF1288-;EVI1147110fAV23,)Ibfoe8615GIlR11GLO21653ELZ52ERG627112EVO36663FAW96FOO22G6Y11G1.
U5114EllA1169135ERH31121EVR41FAX43fOE173GOA3IGLY380129PIB136185ERI443L495EVS64FAY254FOG588GOE31GilA4118BIGRAMSANDTRIGRAMSCOUNT479Table2(Continued)FvvFVFVFVFVFVG~EIdO24GYP357HIC420691HRE90"40lAM33920IFU18919INC3157227GMI32GYk366HID9818HRI41759IAN1702350IFY23165INO4249274GMS22GlA41HIE51963HRM11lAO33IGA35873INE526"571GMU11liAA53HIF10314HRO149091lAP156IG8123INF918121G~IA23050HAB17342HIG95629HRR11IAR21648IGE26353ING2'176"3393GNB11HAC3728HIH11HRUIse22lAS115Z7IGG14837INHIH41GNE42650HAD527126h1133HRY42(AT1239169IGH5428255INI2097244GNI59556HAE5816HIJ63HS~43IAU11IGI65552INJ11519GNfIt875HAF4214HIK196HSC11IAV11IGI108INK107990G~U15241HAG4419HII2049130HSE22lAW21IGM3915INI24925GNP32HAHa7HIM327729HSH33IAl25SIGN1611127INII5611GNS1227HAl45544HIN~126210HSI11lilA.
4115IGO10225INN67381GNT281HAJ42HIO18424HSL11IBB5619IGP11INO32880"NU194HAK1131HIP968124HSO1218C11IGR9535INP296~UA1149HAL1086101HID22HST147IBE62819IGS4210INO11517Goa65HAM427100HIR46354HTA106lUI53169IGU45"31INR42GOC54HAN4565247HIS1282165HTC62WI1164114IGY31INS32083201;0038323HAD222HIT70563HTO11IBNI1IGl41INT6309475I;OE10211HAP109348HIU11HIE'20784OSQ144OXI18128PEV'02NilI63litOaK41on7021aNT3177252OSR22OXM11PEII208NIIO128OOL2816OIX11ONU5816ass160795OXN11PEX41NIIR11OOM122ell11ONV54914OST2940158OXO32PEYIt2NXE11ODN213OJE21013ONW239OSU4910OXVI1PEL14NXI81400013037GJI11ONX91OSV21OXW11PFA52NVA54OOP11OJO104ONY31943OSW11OXX11PFC1INY8483OaR476OJU11aNI266OSV219OXV6611PFE11no11ODS421t35OKA32700884OTA45448OYA16132PF121NYE22OaTIIOKC32OOC54OTe426OY8112PFO31NYG11ODU84048OKE992830002155146OTC2812aye31t5PFR21NYH2010011218OKF32ODE77OTOI1OYO195PFU395NVI316OOY6213ftOKI27823OOF14526aTE1598131OVE31521PGA21NYL128OEA31OKK133DOG96Olf22OYF33PGO21NVM4513OE8124OKL50700122OTG92OYH51PGR126NYO1627OEC31OKM11OOK2173107OTH4864130OYI598PHA34013NVP11OED4415CKN21DOL124714OTI943123OYL63PHE~6189NYS84DEE1IOKO5010001'172073OlL60litOYM876PHI104126NYT2812OEF105OKS22321OON62573OTM514OYN112PHL19~NVV31OEG32OKU196000125OTN62ova115PHN11NYII863OEH42OKW22OOP21954oro32566OYR21PHO603132NZA3615OEI14OKY285OOR84547OTP22OYS21011PHIl10019NZE2311OEL3813aLA461101DOS23942aIR3016OYT41PHS'001~NlII>6OEM1385Ol875OOT51991OTS25245OZA106PHT2NlO33OEN167OLC159OOV176OTT623100OlE11615PHU106Nlil11OEO11OLD21t23133DOL83OTU159all64PHV1t8963NIY21,.
OER3316OLE1251174OPA9823orII74ala186PHl1IOAC30530DES71835OLF6814OPC32OIY3010OIY83PIA16232OAO76564OET21011OlG197OPE2645147aUA62Oll151PIC73198OAF63OEV275OlH143OPF72OU849629PA812811PIO26OAG2~4OEW11aLI17771STaPG21OUC24433PAe69516PIE1t1063OAH33OEX144alII10220OPH397101DUO22228PAD1t816PIF43OAII5918OEV54OLL2032119OPI45961aUE196PAE~3PIG~216CAL18115OFA2910OLM8319OPK114OUF95PAG21131PIK161aAM9011OFE26121OlN566OPl90818OUG314088PAH103PIL31650aAN1~924OFF111t397OLO1192218OPM3935OUI12312PAl82356PIN136OAP295OFIlit120aLP289OPN11OUJ11PAJIt2PIN1I26210Pia9616PTH743R60162HRHU21RNM51210RTE1200151SAF}1t820PIP7411PTI891153R8R86RHY538RNN21RTF121SAG4535Pill42PTL525R8S4110RIA1102222RNa28123RTG222SAH43PIR57372PTN43R8U2913RI888291RNP252RTH1553123SAl208635PIS12635PTO10728R8Y636RIC2756285RNR11RT!
181823ftSAil6116PIT74519PTR52ReA5124RIDlC8103RNS2871t2RIK11SAL81SliltPIU182PTS10216RCEm~85RIE3024213RNT94RTL21136SAN95821PIV~3PTUlitIt34ReH131tRIF39670RNU85RTN40315SAN160113PIW11PTY695RCI25333RIG1467!
l4RNII43RTN739SAP1~6~tPIX11PUll11RCII22RII11RNY65RIO23851SAR~41PIZ53PU886431Rel11313RIJ101ROA100678RTR9425SAS12320PJA41PUC43RCM11RIK13717R08124276RTS87766SAT6ft21ItPKA11PUO1911Reo14633Ril59197Roe950109RTU50648SAU10021482SOLSO,BARBUTO,ANDJUELTable2(Continued)fvFVfVfVFVfVFVPKE83PUE27"ReR765RIM816111ROD91318RTW1"5SAV23925PKI236PUF116Res81RUi3963556ROE1071"RTY62"20SAW38515PlA36""239PUG43ReT7"RIO13"01211ROF430"9Rll105SAX391PlE3295187PUI21RCU26346RIP5"1102AOG90070RUAH3SAY86719PLI1019129PUK11RCY253RIO65ROH5810RUB9226SBA16811PlD627HPUl68680ADA21324RIS19"22ft1ROI14138Rue.
16711SBE2113PlU21838PUM328RD8105Rll2513250ROJ21013RUO12548S8111PLY5692"PUN110"0ROE1258103RIU8622ROK2"523RUE31221SBO288PMA2010PUP6112RDH11RIV108580ROl937105RUF""9SBR33PME58410PUR71619ROI64391RIW22ROM5177129RUG23727S8U682~PMO63PUSI'll18ROL18021RIX]2RON1558211RUH32S8Y21PNE157PUT80455RDM63RIY11ROO10H122RUI20041stA637120PNI21PUY11RON116RU28966ROP1618186RUJ1"2seE"38100PNO55PUI"46ROO5826RJA11ROOI"3RUK22seH1209148POA55PVT11RDA136RJE11ROR22026RUL30220SCI63963P0811PWA3"3ROS98992RJO11ROS1109161RUM32081~b11"16poc10520PWI31RDT95RJU31ROT82122RUN58263867151POD4012PWO11RDU95RKA10I10ROU"065193RUO33SCR8691"9POE40115PI/R32ROW191RK88IROV1"06'12RUP21052scs71POF43PYA11RDY7010RKDI1ROW1301128RUR583stU3955"POG167PYB11REA1532"00RKE84162ROX13218RUS814125SOAIH16POH132pvc11RE820342RKH135ROY22524RUT26540SDE1"5POI9D956PYEIIREC3219296RKI2HZ7ROI"08RUV2ISOl""5POK18916PYH11REO5130551RKl2312RPA3115RUW22SOD"52POL1396157PYI11"REE2171I'llRKM115RPE15"50RUX32SOU122POll22I"PYK2IREF123612"RKNH3RPH5622RUY11SEA875HPON1526101PYl95REG1108120RKO11"RPI30I"RUI81sea7513POD30728PYN11REH15339RKP32RPl12317RVAH9"5~EC1"7186POP38532PYO22REI"2369RKR4IRPM51RVE92619ED3211234POR2537184PYR1811REJIII19RKS3553"RPN11RVI85716SEE233562POS2761IHPYS22REK16RKT32RPO48853RVO5511SEF188POT41571PYT152REL2012185RKW82RPR366"0RVY11SEG11018POU23845PYW11REM1879147RKY155RPS1278RWA22"21SEHU1POV254OlA111REN3001248RlA1lit40RPT276RWE2313SEI5817POW58026QNS11REO24238Rl831RPU10"RWH32"SEK92POX42QUA12611"6REP1859179RlD8131RPY11RWI113.
7SEl2385131POI52QUE1665195REO7282"RlE35861RQU3315RI/O239SEM33082PPA24822~A1846173RER2"855RlH11RRAH490RWR115SEN2137199PPE17'1616313017RES8709107RlI45461RRE1134171RWY22SEO8"PPI38079QUY33RET1706208RlM31RRH228RXI31~EP35128PPL13165QVI11REU6822RLO10931RRI12"3159RVA29"EO19819PPM52RA8621108REV1170135RLP11RRM11RY8721SER2253185PPO105257RAe206"262REW40"53RlS1506RRO566'10Rve.
8"SES2210262PPR7"170RAO13"9152REX3210RLU104RRS22RYD153SET95051PPS53RAE3012REY8521RLW21RRU9523RYE135SEU7320PPU22RAF255"0REI85RU124361RRV11RYF21SEV68027PPY15"1"RAG853116RFA31620RMAl'ol2142RRY53D47RYG"2SEW14018PRA59881RAH711"RFE20629lUI833RSA20737RYI34921SEX19515PRE'0823HIRAI15"3153RFI2911RMe62RS892RYK62SEY9"19PRI2175166RAJ'03RFL1610.
RME759'I"Rse129RYL5614SEI11PRO7It58519RAK"019RFM11RMF52RSD"03RYM1"8SFA1059PRU"119RAL2927209RFO286'20RMH134RSE16H133RYN6"SFi10"12PRY83RAM1185138RFR123RMI885119RSF11RYO1268SF588PSA2'05RAN310"H9RFS32RilL139RSH41368RYP126SFO7"12pse11RAO385RFU21225RMN41RSI59582RYS7822SFR21PSE11929RAP765192RGA567.
5YRMO3111'tRSK227RYl1903SFU1499PSG21RAO154RGO1611~RMP32RSL11RYU81SFY292PSH188RAR52342RGE126RMS59830RSM21nw533SGA32PSI3721RAS55512"RGH3'07RMT27lWO1411018UOG34132SHW88SPH21138SYIl32TFU14436TOO171440TWU33UDH11SHY3510SPI997119SYC15433TGA233lOP1>6858TVA144UOI10912SU46063SPl25351SYD51TGE22TOR3692460TVIl22UOK22SI8105962SPN21SYE11TGN11TOS8721rvc32UDl327SIC103068SPO1280130SYG11IGO242TOT30725lYE11UOM22SID2490111SPR45652SYL7214TGR94TOUH461TVG11UDN11SIE20163SPS84SYM31640TGU92TOV243TVI13UDO3012SIf11330SPU10825SYN9841THA121H92TOW89958TYK161UDRI1SIG125391SPY144SYR1610THB158TOXII6n~13713UDS13111SIH11SOU3798'0SYS59613THe122TOY21>564UDU62S1K11SRA236SYT72THO496TOI82TYP47536UDW64SIl46260SRE2813SlE22THE91521416TPA22TYR5116UDY3119SIM78860SRH11SIO152THf5314TPE93IYSI>4UOI11SIN3159295SRI11TA81146163THG11IPH21TYU51UEA1512SIO2989256SRO407TAC56879THH183IPL42TYW11UE887SIP7116SRS31TAD283IHI8963129IPO299TZA21UEe22SID'02SRU228TAf13914THK11TPR11TI841UEO32427SIR31215SSA75590TAG66174THI11524TPU413TZE448UEE939ilSH'~121S~822UH167THM6915TRA4751590TIG61UEf53IT156Sc11TAl2119138THN203TRE1984177TlH33UEG11SIU186SSE2113270lAK135744THO4205140TRI2800368TIl72UEl16939SIV683114SSF1"58TALlI8D25DTHP205TRO1997237TIK53UEM7ItSIX3216SSH127TAM15341THO182TRU1636159TZM11UEN67461SIZ24028SSI3641309TAN3126258THR2342103lRYID8953TZO11UEO141SJO11SSL7135TAO145THS35641TRI11TIR11UEP"2SJU21SSM10817TAP18739THY94ISA44TZS21UER139.
5SKA4113~SN"317TAO11THU53143TS8316UAIl566UES1493asSKE575'04SO59271TAR.
166117DTHIl8817Tse119UAe'0211un6630SKI48591SSP61lAS291142THY3'0554lSD11UAD9121UEU22SKJ152SSR406TAT3495277TlA1103143TSE32811UAF11UEV11iKL51~n32TAU14222TIB124HTSf5~UAG1545UEY22KM2254TAY261'0Te43SKO2811SSW166TAX34516TIE1836219TSK147UAL2269131UfF52697BIGRAMSANDTRIGRAMSCOUNT483Table2(Continued)FvFVFVFVVFVVSKS1010SSY5111lAY2357TlF69398ISlIIUAHlit3Ufl52SKU105STA70HIt75TBA578TlG30251TSH3ft13UAN15526UFN11SKY19131STB63TBE63TlH22TSU1iJ11UAR66361tUfR11SlA13081tHC145T8142TlJI1TSP82UAS2610UfSI1SlE31664STO11T8l11TlK22TST6210UAT1361'tUfT22SliIt0852STEIt671559TBO229TIL11't5116TSU615UAV75UfU11SlO359ItsSTF19BTBR127lIH3016134TSV22UAW22UGA9924SlU8927STG31T8U10ItTIN5618855TSW62UAY1IUGE17B26SLY1>33136STH6521TCA508liD173lt91476TSY33U8A9313UGG49253SIIA89378STIItB21529TCE9IliPH328TTA43168UBB153It5UGHIt152119SIIE22037STl2lt362TeH1324181T104713TTE3441320U8e155UGI95Sill3"9"3STII18522Tel126TlR50942TTG11U80251UGl7111SMO20047SfNI"7Teo507TIS973147TTH52UBE12335UGII123SMS6"17STo2721t261TeR73TIT1284l'tlTTl950112UBF11UGN33SHU2310STP267Teu32T1U98TTL138965U8G92UGO224SMY"1STR5091It80TCY81T1V2885311TTH1IUBH62UGR1ISNA17932STS1246191TOA31TlZ18335TTO291itOUBI6621UGS5911SNE1395""STU1340101TOI42TJOI1TlR17420UBJ29810UGU9916SNI23I"STV1ITOOIt41tKA22TTS8810UBK2IUHA33SNO13327SfW3912TOR22TKI104nu8"U8l118954UHH"1SHU169STY24031TEA111082TKO22TTV22U81112215UHI11SHY22SUA58631tTE8121TKU11TTWI1U8N11UHl11SOA599SU81066l53TEe128It9TlA15325TTY191t20U803310UHII215085611sue171531TEo8468920TLE19H173TTZ1IU8P65UHN33SOC101752SUD2068TEE90081tHI136HTUA101874U8R1613UHR43500"8.
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SUE40121TEf5212no485TUB13126U8S41tlt66UHS11SOE11"SUF27623TEG22232TlY191,3168TUC1014UBT26926UHT11SOF15018SUG30712TEH125TIIA9429TUO112251UBU1812UIAIt2SOGIt2SUH""TEl11529THE81851ruE149IIUBV65UIB65SOH73SUI26330UK73Till253TUF49BU8W82ule22523tal9012SUK8"TEL1699142THOIH12TUG146ueA34016UID25126OJ93SUl68559TEll119395TNA103TUH22uee393·26UIE15618~8t94su"16162TEN3809374THE240~8lUI48aueE572uVfF11983126SUN39141reo7722TNI296TUl6"29ueH2507It9UG1ISOil29""79SUO312YEP37129TNO123TUII186Hucr200"IUll6"1ItsSON27351"8SUP1128108TER123991140TNU135TUN41854ueK51598UI"11SOO23311SUR21"9U8TES2702318TOA329TUO~517uel16915UIN27752~OP23031SUS367"3TET6921TOB821TUP5310ueo198UIO2lOR13"107sur83TEu"711TOe305itOlUR4318270ueR21t10UIP208UIR62936lIOOI1UTG155VES17151~6WAY235193WN8I1WYO91UIS40176UOH1IUTH129289VET10531~AZ22WNe2IWlY11UITSitO89UOI63UTIllt49llt6VEV22WBA85WNO22XAB81UIU21UOK1IUTl10821,VEw163WBE15WNE18626XAehit1~IJIV1510UOl32UTMII9VEX97WBI53WNF5IXAG34UIX62UOIII1UTN85VEY14623WBO328WNG42XAl169UIZ64UON22UIO39160VEl41WBRIIIINH61XAM41819UJA22UOR6910UTP499VIA16949WIlU11I,WNIItllitUN611UJI174UOS53UTR13128VItiIS8IICA63WNl32UP51UJO54UOI6810UTS1,4750VIC100162W'E11WNP42XAR11UJUI1UOU18531tUlTItOI92VIO14374BweD142WNR8IXAS796UKA84UOV1IUTU2949VIE80861WCU1IWNS12425XAT215UXEIt213UOY5ItUTW221VIF44~DA22WNT415XAVI1UKH62UPA71litUTY1595VIG8420WOE8813WNU31XAZ11UKI22UP864UTI43VIK63WOI62WNW192X80I1UKKI1UPC22UUH304VIl63593WOl32WNY104X8R1~UKl11UPO42UUNI1VIM11woo63;lOB95XCA14UKR42UPE30270UUTIIVIN1615155weR32wooIIxeE5102;UKTZ2UPF31UVA105VIO61043WOS12IWOE94xeH90UKU22UPG63UVE6320VIPIIWOU3IWaF4IXCI10810UlA1671248UPH3516UVI64VIR309Z1wOY83WOH43xel12515UlB116UPI16421UVO12VIS1114138WEA56461WOK232xeo63Ule2312UPK6IUVR2IVIT69175WE8181WOl4117xeR32ulO535'24Upl20019UWA22VIUI1WEe2zWOM43312xeu408ULE40261UPHI1UXA5IVIV2e833WED111414WON294litXECliZ11UlF9119UPO5148UXBIIVIYIIWEE139742WOO33877XED18818UlGIta16UPP90651UXE177VIZI1WEG83WOP22XEGI1Ull20445UPR8814UXI102VXHIIWEI21841WOR34lt5140XE111UlK1118UPS23429UXL61VLAIIWH134592was32XEl16"Ull1108155UPT20944uxo1IVLEI1WEll2IWOT11XEII269UlII4711UPU84UKT74VlO33WEN67415WOU21718KEN188UlN6525UPW332UXU314VNEI1WEP432WOV163XER1"215UlO9937UPY253UYE72voeZll43WER461189~OWI1XES11018UlP5919UQU85un312VOE2IWES56239WOZ11XET41UlS16939URA1113126UTl102VOG61WET7013WPA21XEY1IULT1678140URB27141UYN22VOlIt1219WEV552IWPH21XFO192UlU539URe87435UYS364'10K4811WEX6IWPI1IXHA3812UlV64URD32933lJYTIIVOL82682WEY93WPO1,14XHI869UlW5IURE4397211UYU3IVOH53WFA21WPU1IXHl11UlY1556URF21tI12UYVI1VON11tliFEII"RA5416XHO43UlZ"2URG33680IJZA22VOO10I,WFI22WRE9823XHU22U"A46043URH11UIE43VOPIIWFlIIWkl136"4KIA97UIIB95589URI1381145UZO33VOk36445WFO84WRO32610XI8443UMe22URK8419UZU1IVOS16WFU325WRTI1XIC85HVIIO32UIlL8937UZY1IVOT29420WGR21WRY146XIO358ullEaS981UR"7820UZZ9319VOU6722WGU1IWSA22XlE578UHf63URN1!
>1891VAB6320VUII261WHA211618WS821XIG32UIIH11UIlO25533VAC14421VOY3510WHE409550WSE53XII11U"I17244URP49132VAO5420VRAIIWHI496181WSH403Xll186UHl66URO3IVAE6IVRE114wHO304121WSI33XIII21319UIIII30154URR62385VAG11921VRIIIWHR31WSK85XIN6213UIIN15111URS1351saVAH33'IRe83liHS1IWSL73XlO6111UIIO12614URT91568VAl34019VSH21WHY4063WS"52XIS38819UHP391aeUIlU44VAK(,ZVSK1610WIAIIWSO75XIT30U"S20335URV21928VAL1190110VUB5IWIC18629WSP1104KlE18"UHTZ1IJRW1IVAH64VUE101WID31825WSR11XlY21UMU6111UIlY43926VAN646B2VUHIIWlE97WSS11XIIII1UHV4IURI51VAOIIVUL5811Wlf2838WST42XNA11UNA366BOUSA27832VAP207VUR33WIG2810WSU22XNE21UN85921US81516VAQI1VUS43wll284571liSW22XOO62UNe1118182usc13224VAR69450VVEI1WIM565WSYI1XOG32UNO4128346usaIIVAS18533VVYI1WIN1649162WSII1XOM32UNE39413USE398017BVAT58172VYI42WIP396WTH1656XOH6110UNF16341IJSF4IVAU2510VYlI1\oIIR9914WlI31XOP52UNG87017USH50982'lAY33VZOI1101S69653WTO9JXOR84UNH6918USI1679126veHIIWAS135wIT856962WTS11XOS11UNI26a4132USK4314VOl11WA~106w!
V32ItlilU62XOTH"UNJ85USl56510ltVEA11210WAD4510WIl3IWUHI1XPA16"15UNK23t>55~SII8"VEB11WAF22wKE74WUl112XPE136758UNl25532USN6518VEeH5WAG24620WKI54WUH22XPI136UNII4825USO191VEO178282WAH33WKS123WUN481XPl"lt642UNN31952USP17922VEE95WAI31930WKW173WUPI1XPO11120UNO31t16USOI1VEFIIWAK8514WKYIIIIUR55KPR28121UNP9843USS56153VEG387WAL8"061wlA11WUS22XPU7"UNO187UST3673241VEH989WA/'l188WlE25030WWAI1KQU7tUNR9346USU3808VEl6312WAN76941Ill!
3313WWWI1XRO6UNS353103USY765VEJ3IIIAP32.
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,),177IIYA31XSE31UNT2"6TInUTA12542VEL20181111WAR2254It6WLTZIwye55XU103UNU867UTB268VEH42916WAS10245j]WlY1536WYE704XT852UNV53UTCIII26HN3334212WAT91265WHA388WYKI1XTE4~93~UNW7826UTO509VEO143WAU91WME105WYl21XTH261UNY135UTE1136122VEP31WAV18116WMIIIWYM11XliH10UNl11UTF3210VER9584602WAX236IINA11WYN55KTO134484SOLSO,BARBUTO,ANDJUELTable2(Continued)FvvFVFVXIK29340VGA11VPl11lEM144XTS83VGE462YFN44ZEN26021XTU669VGI42VPO10926ZER10935XTV211VGi'l31VPR165ZES9943XUA756VGN11VI'S105ZET112XUB113VGO126YPT338lEV11XUO21YGR41VRA6518IffI1XtJl42VGU11YRD102IGE61XUR365YGV11VRE207IHA11XVI11VHE11YRI6522IHE11XWE111VHO4713YRN21ZHI22xlla22VHR11YRC17929IHO11XXX21VHV11VRR21IHU11XVU51VID41VRS1IZIA22XYG462VIE645VRT1IliB2ZXYH11VIN1182136~RU154lIC32XVl63VIP11YRI11lIa21XVII11VIS107VSA1IlIE4213XYT31VJA22VSd21IIF21VA6227VKA172vsc75ZIGI>3YAe169VKE104VSE16213III196YAo22VKI53VSI44241ZI~42YAG255VKN21VSl31IH,13<)99VAH11YLA5318VSM32110127YAJ11YlB11VSO86III'33YAK44YLE15520HI'22ZIR11YAl15319YlG21VSSIB5ZIS132YA.
453Yll8921YST83964ZIT32VAN18039YlK71HU53IKe72YAP11Yll3212HE3313IKY42YAw11no5115YTH62921lLE7127YAR17B27YlP22YTI6315ZlI261VAS54YlS95HO31BZlO11YAT1<)3YlT11YTR11IlV22YAU11nu52VTl13lilA22YAW15YlV515VlJB32IME11YBA33YlV156rue22lOA133YIlE15710VMA3917YUG122WO31Y6121YMB16511YUH21ZOE53VBO12710YME28237VUJ11LOG11VBil74YMI75VUK62WI11YBU517YMM221YUN22ZOl16]YBY1IVMN367YUR72lOM22~eA22YMO7516VuS114ZO~9118yeE4614YMP20931YVA31IGO1910veH16034VMS52YVE2IILl'61yel13YMUZ1YVI2ZZOR11]yeK]3YI'IYZ2~hA909lOS3Zyel69nYNA68VWE43ZOT22yeo2517YN8<)1VIlH862ZOU21YeR3IYNe2012YIoI103ZOV52YOA183VNO189Y.
D395zo.
11YOE106VNE10128YIoR64ZRA21YOI83VNG22YYV21ZRI11YON12YNH31HA84ZRG11YOO22VNI185HE4010ISC21VOR8832VNK22HI81ZUB21VEA161517VNN126lAA113IUE52YEB185YNO6811IA8649ZUK11YEO51353VNS11ZAC32ZUR145VEE892YNT4815ZAO32IUS11VEF1IVNX11ZAEI1ZUTI1YEG3IVOC64ZAG93IVE11YEH32VOO43ZAH11Iva11VEl52VUF75ZAI41ZWE22YEKI1VaG43ZAK32ZWK11vEl12123YaK219ZAl207111021YEN137YOl52IAN2414Iva21VEl'11YOM91ZAP22IVC11YER3615CVON45421LAR6125IYG12YES66815VUO43ZAS44IYK11YET45311yap33IAT50984ZYM213YEV86VOR36114ZBE31Zv,.
,22HW2Ivas64zeo"IFA3910YEI21YUT114ZEA206IE107YFA21YOU489919lEa222113812YFE"1VOV132LEC622lL10335YFF32YOW192ZED148161ZZM11YFI11VOX2ILEE162ZlO154YFl4IYPA42ZEF1IZZU11YFO83YPE38231LEI"3YFRIIVPH189ZEK22YFU64VI'I9810In129REFERENCESsix-,seven-,andeight-letterEnglishwords.
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